If there is one mistake that I see both new and veteran handicappers make time and time again it is confusing probability with profitability — often in very inconsistent and haphazard ways.
For instance, most bettors know that the post-time favorite wins approximately 1/3 of the time, making it a highly predictive factor. In fact, we can measure just how predictive by employing “impact values,” which were explained by Dr. William Quirin in his masterful work “Winning at the Races.”
Impact values, or IVs, are calculated by “dividing the percentage of winners with a given characteristic by the percentage of starters with that characteristic,” Dr. Quirin explained.
“An IV of 1.00 means that horses with a specific characteristic have won no more and no less than their fair share of races,” the good doctor concluded. Similarly, an IV greater than 1.00 denotes that a particular factor is producing more than its fair share of winners, while an IV below 1.00 means that it is producing less than its fair share.
With that in mind, take a peek at the digits I obtained in an examination of nearly 15,000 races featuring a sole betting favorite (no entries):
Winners: 5,409
Winners: 2,017
Win Rate: 37.3%
IV: 2.76
What this means is that the post-time favorite can be expected to win 2.76 times more often than random chance would dictate — which is great.
However, before we break out the top-shelf pork rinds and don our party hats, let me introduce another metric — one that I came up with several years ago called the odds-based impact value, or OBIV.
The OBIV is based, not on field size, but on the average odds of the horses meeting the criteria of the study. The advantage of such an approach is that it more accurately assesses the factor being tested (provided the factor is not odds) by using an established and highly predictive methodology instead of random chance to determine the expected win rate.
Note: The reason the “normal” range is 0.80-0.85 is to account for the various straight takeout rates and breakage points.
So, harkening back to our study above, we find that post-time favorites produce an OBIV of 0.81 — which helps to explain why, despite a high IV, the ROI on such steeds is negative to the tune of about 16 cents on the dollar.
The OBIV also explains why merely seeking high-IV, i.e. obvious, factors never makes money in the real world — although many handicapping gurus have advocated just that.
Tim Maas, author of “Overlay Handicapping,” took it one step further: He used a variety of IV values to produce a fair odds line. Now, before I illustrate the folly of this, I want to credit Maas for at least attempting to use disconnected, or independent, variables in his method (this is another area that gets horse players into trouble — evaluating dependent variables as though they are independent, e.g. speed and form).
Among the factors that Maas obtained IV value for were Quirin speed points and average earnings per start. To keep this demonstration simple, I will provide my own IVs for specific subsets of these factors — mainly, I will look at horses with at least eight Quirin speed points and horses with the highest average earnings per start in the field:
- At least 8 Quirin speed points.
Number: 5,068
Winners: 878
Win Rate: 17.3%
IV: 1.31
OBIV: 0.83
- Highest earnings per start in the field (if the horse had fewer than five starts this year, the last two racing years were used).
Number: 13,069
Winners: 3,331
Win Rate: 25.5%
IV: 1.91
OBIV: 0.83
By combining these two factors in a makeshift system, we would expect an IV of approximately 2.50 (using Maas’ technique of multiplying the individual IVs):
- At least 8 Quirin speed points.
- Highest earnings per start in the field (if the horse had fewer than five starts this year, the last two racing years were used).
Number: 841
Winners: 248
Win Rate: 29.5%
IV: 2.12
OBIV: 0.87
On the positive side, the numbers are vastly improved in comparison to those for each individual factor — even the OBIV is nominally better. However, they are still not good enough to show a profit. In fact, the $2 net return of $1.67 (-16.5% ROI) is less than the $2 net return for post-time favorites ($1.68).
Ouch. Two highly predictive factors and they produce more red ink than simply watching the tote board and playing the post-time favorite.
And the situation doesn’t get any better when one asks for minimum odds (as Maas did by insisting on a “fair” price) — in fact it gets worse:
- At least 8 Quirin speed points.
- Highest earnings per start in the field (if the horse had fewer than five starts this year, the last two racing years were used).
- Odds of 3-1 or greater.
Number: 372
Winners: 56
Win Rate: 15.1%
IV: 1.15
OBIV: 0.87
Of course, what all this tells us is that, in order to make money (as opposed to just cashing tickets) at the racetrack, one must look for unique factors and/or use known factors in unique ways.
It pays, quite literally, to understand the difference between what is predictable and what is profitable.
